The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of factors affecting the ecological footprint with an emphasis on the role of energy consumption intensity in Iran using the Vector Autoregression Model with Variable Parameters Over Time (TVP-VAR). The ecological footprint reflects the environmental constraints of communities and the extent to which the environment is destroyed by exceeding these limitations. Due to the increasing intensity of energy consumption, Iran is faced with a significant ecological footprint in its economic activities, which requires the root causes of the factors affecting it. Other research variables include the degree of urbanization, human development, financial development, trade openness, and GDP per capita in the period from 1990 to 2021. The results show that increasing the intensity of energy consumption causes a positive and significant increase over time on the ecological footprint. The effect of other research variables on the ecological footprint was also in accordance with theoretical expectations. These findings emphasize that the type and source of energy consumed, as well as the production processes, play an important role in this relationship. Also, the analyses show that environmental sustainability decreases with increasing energy consumption and the ecological footprint of

Keywords: Ecological Footprint, Energy Consumption Intensity, TVP-VAR Model, Environment

     

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